Patogenia experimental da infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 2 em ovinos e cobaias

Abstract

The biology and epidemiology of bovine herpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2), the agent of bovine herpetic mammillitis (BHM), remain largely unknown. Thus, the present study aimed at addressing selected aspects of BoHV-2 epidemiology and pathogenesis in sheep and guinea pigs. A serological survey for BoHV-2 antibodies in 2.213 samples from cattle > 24-months-old from 136 counties of seven different mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) revealed an overall prevalence of 24.5% (543/2.213). These results demonstrate that BoHV-2 infection is widespread among cattle in RS, and potentially involved in cases of mammillitis frequently described in dairy cows. A second experiment was conducted to characterize the latent BoHV-2 infection in a sheep model. Lactating ewes inoculated with BoHV-2 in the skin of the udder shed virus for up to five days, developed mammillitis and seroconverted. However, attempts to reactivate latent infection by dexamethasone (Dx) administration at day 40 post infection (pi) failed. Nevertheless, viral DNA was detected by PCR in several nerve ganglia and/or regional lymph nodes (LNs) of all animals at day 40 post-reactivation (pr). Lambs previously inoculated with BoHV-2 in the nose also harbored latent viral DNA in trigeminal ganglia, tonsils and regional LNs. These results demonstrated that BoHV-2 establishes latent infection in nerve ganglia and in regional lymphoid tissues, yet virus reactivation is not easily achieved by standard protocols used for other alphaherpesvirus. A third experiment was conducted to evaluate guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) as an experimental model to study the biology of BoHV-2 infection. Weanling (30-40 daysold) guinea pigs inoculated into the genital area and over the skin of the udder and teats with a viral suspension developed moderate to severe clinical signs, noticeably more pronounced in the genital area. Infectious virus was recovered from swabs collected between days 3 and 7 from genital area (8/12) and less frequently (1/12) from teat skin. All animals seroconverted to BoHV-2 developing neutralizing titers from 16 to 128 at day 30 pi. Histological examination of skin biopsies collected from genital lesions showed intranuclear inclusion bodies and perivascular infiltrates composed by lymphocytes and plasmocytes. PCR examination of tissues collected from animals euthanized at day 35 pi revealed the presence of latent viral DNA in nerve ganglia and LNs. Dx administration at day 35 pi was followed by mild recrudescence of genital disease in some animals, yet virus isolation and/or seroconversion which are usually taken as indicators of virus reactivation were not observed. These results show that guinea pigs may be used as models to study BoHV-2 acute and latent infection and confirm that BoHV-2 reactivation is not easily achieved by using the standard protocols for other alphaherpesviruses. Taken together, these results demonstrate that both sheep and guinea pigs are suitable animal models for BoHV-2 infection.