Os efeitos de organocalcogêneos e de 2,3-dimercaptopropanol sobre convulsão química e letalidade induzidas por pentilenotetrazol e 4-aminopiridina em camundongos

Abstract

Experimental models of seizure in animals have represented an important role for the understanding of the physiological and behavioural alterations associated with the human epilepsy. The induction of partial or generalized seizures is an efficient method for evaluating both the susceptibility to seizures and to investigate new anticonvulsant agents. In this sense, studies showed that the convulsive actions of the diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) compounds are inhibited by diazepam and phenobarbital, two classic allosteric modulators of the GABAergic system. Therefore, arises the interest of to investigate the interaction of the (PhSe)2 and BAL compounds with convulsive agents that act via blockade and/or modulation of the GABAergic system. This is the case of the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), which exerts its convulsive action by blocking of Cl- channel of the GABAA receptor complex. Taking into account these facts, the present study had as first objective to investigate the effects of the pre-administration of (PhSe)2 and BAL in the model of chemical seizure PTZ-induced in mice (Article 1). For this purpose, mice were pretreated with (PhSe)2 (150 μmol/kg, i.p.) or BAL (250, 500, or 1000 μmol/kg, i.p.) 10 minutes prior to administration of PTZ. The obtained results showed that the pretreatment with (PhSe)2 reduced the latency for seizure PTZ-induced at doses of 40 and 60 mg/kg, beyond to cause a decrease in the latency for death PTZ-induced at dose of 60 mg/kg. However, the convulsive and lethal action PTZ-induced at dose of 80mg/kg was not affected by the pretreatment with (PhSe)2. Similarly, the pretreatment of the animals with BAL reduced the latency for seizure induced by 40 and 50 mg/kg PTZ. In addition, the latency for death PTZ-induced at dose of 40 mg/kg was significantly decreased by the pretreatment with BAL in all doses tested. Particularly, in the dose of 50 mg/kg of PTZ, a significant decrease in the latency for death occurred only when the mice were pretreated with 500 and 1000 μmol/kg of BAL. These results show that (PhSe)2 and BAL act in synergysm with PTZ potentializing its convulsive action, possibly through a modulation of the GABAergic system. Tacking into account the structural similarities between (PhSe)2 and diphenyl ditelluride (PhTe)2 compounds, our further objective was to investigate the effects of the (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 compounds on a model of chemical seizure 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced in mice (Article 2). The convulsive action of this agent occurs through a blockade of K+ channels and activation of Ca2+ channels, with consequent release of neurotransmitters, predominantly the glutamate. Moreover, it was investigated the brain lipid peroxidation level after treatment of the animals with 4-AP, as well the effect of the pretretament with the (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 compounds on this level. For this purpose, mice were pretreated with (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 (50, 100, or 150 μmol/kg, s.c.) 30 minutes before administration of 4-AP (12 mg/kg, i.p.). The obtained results showed that the pretreatment with (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 (50, 100, and 150 μmol/kg) significantly increased the latency for clonic and tonic seizure, as well as inhibited the death 4-AP-induced. In addition, it was observed a significant increase in the brain lipid peroxidation levels after treatment with 4-AP, which was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with the (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 compounds. Therefore, these results show that (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 increase the latency for seizures, as well as inhibit the death 4-AP-induced. It is possible that this effect result of the modulation of redox sites of NMDA receptors, and/or modulation in the Ca2+ channels activity with consequent alteration in the neurotransmitters release. Moreover, the work provided evidences for the anticonvulsant and antioxidant properties of the (PhSe)2 and (PhTe)2 compounds, which point out for its neuroprotective properties in this model. Of general model, the utilization of the models of chemical seizure PTZ- or 4-AP-induced in mice was a useful method in the investigation of the actions on central nervous system of the (PhSe)2, (PhTe)2, and BAL compounds. The use of these convulsive models provided evidences about the convulsive actions, as well as possible mechanisms of action of the evaluated compounds.