Avaliação de parâmetros toxicológicos em piavas (Leporinus sp.) Expostas ao zinco e ao cobre

Abstract

The aim of this study was to verify the zinc and copper effects, metals frequently found in aquatic ecosystems, on the metabolism of piavas (Leporinus sp.). In this work, it was verified the average lethal concentrations (LC50) for the different metals. Activities of different enzymes such as AChE (brain and muscle), catalase (liver), δ-ALA-D (liver, kidney, muscle and brain), TBARS formation (liver, brain and muscle), hematological parameters and metals accumulation in different tissues (liver, kidney, brain and muscle) were also analyzed. Juvenile of Leporinus sp. was exposed to zinc and copper for LC50 determination, which was estimated as 23.4 mg/L for Zn(II) and 0.2 mg/L for Cu(II). Based on these results, fish were exposed for 30 or 45 days to concentrations equivalents to 10% and 20% of the LC50 which corresponded to 2.3 and 4.6 mg/L for Zn(II) and 0.02 and 0.04 mg/L for Cu(II), respectively. δ-ALA-D activity was modified in response to metal exposure, being inhibited by zinc in the brain after 45 days of exposure in both metals concentrations tested. In liver and kidney, it was inhibited by both metals concentrations and times of exposure. Muscle demonstrated inhibition in δ-ALA-D activity only in 4.6 mg/L concentration after 45 days exposure to Zn(II). Copper exposure also inhibited the δ-ALA-D activity in liver, kidney and muscle in both metal concentrations and exposure time tested. In the brain, in general, δ-ALA-D activity was not altered when compared to controls. Hematological parameters also showed alterations after exposure to both metals after 45 days experiment. Reduction of hematocrit, erythrocyte, hemoglobin content demonstrated that fish exposed to zinc and copper showed anemic signs. Liver catalase activity increased after zinc or copper exposure in both concentrations and exposure times tested. TBARS levels increased in liver and brain of fish exposed to Zn(II) for 45 days in both metal concentrations. In muscle, it did in both exposure times and concentrations tested. Cu(II) exposure reduced the TBARS levels in liver in both concentrations and time of exposure tested. In brain, there was a decreased in TBARS levels only after 45 days of exposure. In muscle, this decreased was observed after 30 days of exposure in both concentrations. AChE activity increased in muscle (30 and 45 days exposure) and brain (30 days exposure) in fish exposed to Zn(II) in both concentrations tested. However, after 45 days of exposure to zinc, cerebral AChE activity decreased at 2.3 mg/L of Zn(II) and increased at 4.6 mg/L of Zn(II). For Cu(II), both muscle and brain AChE activity increased in both concentrations and exposure time tested. Fish exposed to zinc showed metal accumulation in the liver and kidney in both concentrations and time of exposure tested. For copper, the metal accumulation was only observed in brain and after 45 days of exposure in both concentrations tested. This study showed that although zinc and copper are required as microelements in the normal metabolism of cells, subletal concentrations of these metals can affect the activity of several enzymes of toxicological interest, increase the production of oxygen reactive species which can cause stress and accumulate in different manners in the tissues.