Complexo Sporothrix schenckii: inativação fotodinâmica, influência da melanina na atividade dos antifúngicos e combinação de fármacos

Abstract

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis that affects humans and animals, and it is caused by dimorphic melanized fungi belonging to the genus Sporothrix. Sporotrichosis is mainly acquired by traumatic implantation of the fungus into the dermis through scratches inflicted by domestic animals or by handling plants. This study approaches: a) the in vitro susceptibility of Sporothrix schenckii complex species to photodynamic inactivation using methylene blue as a photosensitizer and laser as the light source; b) the combination of amphotericin B plus posaconazole in a murine model of systemic infection by S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii sensu stricto, seeking to enhance the treatment of disseminated sporotrichosis; c) the interference of fungal melanin in the in vitro susceptibility of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii sensu stricto to amphotericin B and itraconazole. In the photodynamic therapy study we have applied methylene blue as a photosensitizing agent and Light emitting diode (InGaAlP) against Sporothrix schenckii complex species in an in vitro assay. The viability of the conidia was determined through the counting of colony forming units. The activity of amphotericin B and posaconazole alone or in combination was evaluated by using a microdilution checkerboard method. For the in vivo study, OF-1 mice were intravenously (i.v.) infected with a lethal inoculum of 2 x 107 CFU/animal. Two strains of S. brasiliensis and two of S. schenckii were tested. Animals received amphotericin i.v. at suboptimal dose i.e., 0.3 mg/kg, in combination with oral posaconazole at 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg BID. Results were compared with their respective monotherapies and efficacy was evaluated by prolongation of survival and reduction of tissue burden in spleen and liver. In the study of the interference of melanin in the susceptibility of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii sensu stricto, yeast cells were cultivated in minimal medium with or without L-DOPA in order to induce the production of melanin. Microdilution and time-kill methods were used to determine the antifungal activity against yeast cells with different amounts of melanin. The laser light (InGaAlP) together with a methylene blue photosensitizer were able to significantly reduce the growth of all the tested Sporothrix strains. In vitro data demonstrated a synergistic effect of the combination and although posaconazole alone was effective against sporotrichosis, efficacy was increased when combined with amphotericin B. The maximum efficacy of the combinations was obtained with posaconazole 5 mg/kg. The killing assay showed that melanization protected isolates within the Sporothrix schenckii complex from amphotericin B, particularly in the lower concentrations tested. The conclusions of the present study are: a) the in vitro inhibition of Sporothrix spp. isolates by laser light deserves in vivo experimental and clinical studies since it may be a promising treatment for cutaneous and subcutaneous sporotrichosis; b) posaconazole in combination with suboptimal doses of amphotericin B could be an option in the treatment of disseminated sporotrichosis especially when itraconazole or amphotericin B at optimal doses are contraindicated; c) combination studies of amphotericin B with inhibitors of melanin are required in order to avoid this effect.