Análise e projeto de conversores estáticos para sistemas fotovoltaicos parcialmente sombreados

Abstract

This work presents a study and analysis of photovoltaic systems subject to partial shading, where the main consequence is the reduction of its energy production. To mitigate this problem, it is proposed a new photovoltaic architecture known as hybrid architecture. In this architecture, the system is separated into arrays that can be partially or completely shaded with other arrays that are not shaded. The partially shaded modules are connected in parallel to maximize its energy production, while unshaded ones are connected in series. A dc-dc converter is used with the array with the modules subject to partial shading for maximum power extraction of this array, to match the operating voltage of both arrays, and to ensure that during its operation, the unshaded array operates in maximum power point. Additionally, it is presented the small signal modeling of the dc-dc converter through the generalized modeling technique, with the inclusion of the dynamic of a photovoltaic array through an equivalent approximate model by a voltage source with a series resistance, and linearized for different curve points of the photovoltaic module. The proposed control system for this converter uses a controller based on the internal model principle, as the resonant one, whose objective is, besides eliminating the low frequency ripple at the input of photovoltaic module to reduce the losses of the maximum power point tracking algorithm, also reduce the dc-bus capacitance in dual-stage photovoltaic inverters. Shaded photovoltaic systems present higher complexity to predict its energy production. This is because there are different configurations to connect photovoltaic modules among each other, which results in different values of generated power. Consequently, a general methodology of energy production forecast that uses only the shaded area of the modules as a factor of analysis can be imprecise. Based on this, a new methodology for energy production forecast in partially shaded photovoltaic systems is presented. The proposed method consists in identifying the shaded modules in each time, to quantify the hourly irradiation incident on all modules, analyze the electrical configuration of the array and, from that, calculate the produced energy. At the end are presented simulation and experimental results that validate the use of hybrid architecture in photovoltaic systems that present partial shading conditions.