Infecção experimental por Herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 em coelhos: efeitos no sistema purinérgico e perfil oxidativo

Abstract

The neurological disorder caused by BoHV-5 replication in the brain of infected animals, in the acute phase, may not be associated with significant histological changes or a significant number of antigen-positive neurons. Thus, other mechanisms, such as oxidants and antioxidants mechanisms and important enzymes of the purinergic system might modulate the immune and inflammatory response in animals infected with bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) and contribute to the development of neurological signs observed during infection. This study aimed to understand the mechanisms of the neuropathogenesis of BoHV-5 during acute infection. For this, in article I, alterations in the hydrolysis of adenine nucleotides in synaptosomes of the cortex and hippocampus of rabbits experimentally infected with BoHV-5 were assessed through the activity of enzymes NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase; in article II, we evaluated the involvement of oxidants and antioxidants mechanisms during BoHV-5 infection in systemic level and central nervous system of rabbits experimentally infected through the evaluation of catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and non-protein thiols (TSH), and the quantitation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). For the experiments, the animals were divided into groups, control groups, with no infected animals, and test groups, animals inoculated with BoHV-5. The animals of the test groups were inoculated with the parental strain SV-507/99 containing approximately 107,5TCID50 or 108TCID50, control animals received only minimal essential medium (MEM). All rabbits were inoculated intranasally and monitored for clinical and virological aspects during the experiment. At 7 and 12 days p.i. the rabbits were anesthetized and euthanized for blood and brain structures collection. Regarding the activity of 5'-nucleotidase and NTPDase (Article I), the results showed a decrease in hydrolysis of ATP and ADP at 7 days pi, and in hydrolysis of ADP and AMP at 12 days pi in synaptosomes of cerebral cortex in the infected animals; and increased ectonucleotidases activity in synaptosomes of hippocampus in the infected group compared to the control group, except for the hydrolysis of AMP at 12 days pi. The reduced hydrolysis of ATP in cerebral cortex can cause accumulation of the nucleotide into the extracellular milieu; it is known that the excess of ATP can be cytotoxic. Furthermore, with the decrease in enzyme activity less adenosine is produced, this nucleoside is an anticonvulsant and neuroprotective molecule. The increased enzyme activity in the hippocampus can occur to produce adenosine and confer neuroprotection; however at 12 days pi, it is not observed an increase in the hydrolysis of AMP to adenosine. In article II, the evaluation of oxidative parameters and antioxidants revealed that the levels of TBARS and ROS were higher in the infected group compared to controls, mainly in the cortex at 7 and 12 days pi, but also in the cerebellum at 7 days pi and hippocampus and striatum at 12 days pi. Moreover, GSH levels were decreased in the striatum and cerebellum of animals infected at 7 days pi. The oxidative stress process may occur in response to viral infection, but this process has a low specificity and eventually results in oxidative damage to the cell. Thereby, was possible to observe that there is a participation of the purinergic system and the oxidative stress process in the pathogenesis of BoHV-5, suggesting that these mechanisms may be involved in immunomodulation, dysfunction and neuronal death, and may contribute to the process of herpetic meningoencephalitis.