Avaliação da atividade de ectonucleotidases e acetilcolinesterase em ratos expostos à fumaça de cigarro e nicotina

Abstract

Cigarette smoke is a serious health problem and the most important cause of avoidable death in the world. It has a complex mixture with more than 4700 constituents, including nicotine and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The most common cause of its toxicity is the atherosclerosis and lipid peroxidation being nicotine an immunosuppressant compound. Among the major cellular changes promoted by nicotine is the disorder in the aggregation of platelets, which participate in the regulation of thromboembolic processes releasing nucleotides such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Once exerted the signaling events the nucleotides are degraded by the action of the enzymes NTPDase, 5´- nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase (ADA). This purinergic cascade of enzymatic hydrolysis is also present in lymphocytes and supplies a great amount of signaling modulating the immune system. Another important signaling molecule is acetylcholine (ACh) which is quicklys hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and is associated with the cognition process. The first hypothesis to be tested in this study was to investigate the activity of ectonucleotidases in platelets and the ADA from plasma of rats exposed to cigarette smoke during four weeks. The results in platelets demonstrated an increase for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ADP, adenosine monophosphate (AMP) hydrolysis and adenosine deamination. These results suggest a compensatory organic response to regulate the evels of adenosine, a powerful inhibitor of platelet aggregation and important modulator of vascular tone. The second hypothesis was studied in vivo and in vitro the hydrolysis of nucleotides and nucleosides in lymphocytes of rats submitted to nicotine exposure per se. The in vivo results of lymphocytes demonstrated a decrease in the hydrolysis of ATP, ADP and adenosine in the concentrations of 0.25 and 1.0 mg/kg of nicotine. The expression of NTPDase protein and the counting of lymphocytes in rats were also diminished after nicotine exposure. The quantification of nucleotides and nucleoside in serum of rats treated with nicotine in the dose of 0.25 mg/kg showed an increase in the ATP (39%), ADP (39%) and adenosine (303%) levels. For the in vitro study the ATP-ADP-adenosine hydrolysis were diminished by nicotine in the nicotine concentrations tested (1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM and 50 mM). These results suggest that alterations in the activity and expression of these enzymes in lymphocytes can contribute for the understanding of the mechanisms involving the suppression of the immune system caused by nicotine. Finally, the third hypothesis was to investigate the activity of AChE and the level of lipid peroxidation in striatum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of rats exposed to cigarette smoke and treated with vitamin E (50 mg/kg/day) during four weeks. The results had demonstrated an increase in the activity of AChE and in the levels of lipid peroxidation in the striatum, cerebral cortex and cerebellum, suggesting that this type of exposition can affect the functionality of the cholinergic system and increase the oxidative damage in the central nervous system (SNC). In addition, vitamin E was capable to reverse these increases, suggesting the use of this antioxidant compound in this type of exposition. Moreover, this study also suggests that cigarette smoke and nicotine modulate the purinergic system of platelets and lymphocytes, which may lead the propensity of thromboembolic and immunosuppressant illnesses, with mobilization of the phisiological defenses for a compensatory response.