Emissão de óxido nitroso e dióxido de carbono após aplicação de dejetos de suínos e bovinos em um argissolo

Abstract

Emission of greenhouse effect gases due to the agricultural use of the dejections of animals as fertilizers, as well as the mineralization of the carbon of those materials in the soil healthy aspects are still relatively a little studied in Brazil. This work was accomplished to evaluate: 1) the annual emission of nitrous oxide with the use, in the corn, of mineral and organic manuring (pig and cattle slurry and pig deep-bedding); 2) the mineralization of the carbon of pig slurry and of the corn straw, with and without incorporation to the soil. For that two experiments were driven in field conditions, in the period of October of 2007 to September of 2008, in the experimental area of the Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) in typic Hapludalf soil. In the first, it was evaluated the emission of N2O periodically for 342 days in the following treatments: T1: without dejections (control); T2: pig slurry in single application; T3: pig deep-bedding; T4: pig deep-bedding + urea; T5: cattle slurry; T6: pig slurry in parceled out application; T7: without slurry and with mineral fertilizer (NPK) recommended to the corn. Approximately 2/3 of the annual emission of N2O happened during the first 15 days after the application of the organic materials, and all of them provoked increase in the emission of N2O in relation to the control treatment, without use of fertilizers and also in relation to the treatment with the use of N-urea. With the parceled out application of the pig slurry the emission of N2O was inferior to the single application. At the end of approximately one year the factor of emission of N2O in the treatments with application of organic residues varied of 2.1% of applied N with the cattle slurry to 3.4% of applied N with the pig slurry. In the second experiment the effect of the addition of pig slurry was evaluated on the decomposition of corn straw, with and without incorporation to the soil. For such, the continuous C-CO2 emission was quantified for a period of 158 days in the following treatments: T1: soil without mobilization, T2: mobilized soil, T3: pig slurry in soil surface, T4: pig slurry incorporated, T5: corn straw in surface, T6: incorporate straw, T7: straw + pig slurry in surface and T8: straw + incorporate pig slurry. The incorporation of the corn straw to the soil favored the C mineralization of the straw while in the pig slurry his maintenance in the soil surface favored the C mineralization. The application of pig slurry increased the mineralization straw C in surface in 12% (320 kg ha-1 of added C) and of the incorporate straw in 1.3% (34 kg ha-1 of added C).