Nutrientes na água do escoamento superficial em sistema plantio direto com mulching vertical

Abstract

The main pollutants of water resources from agricultural areas are organic matter, sediments, nutrients and pesticides, carried out mainly by runoff from farming lands. Considering this fact, it is very important the development and application of new technologies to reduce such undesirable residues discharges, specifically some nutrients, as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the organic carbon considered important in this process, that were analyzed in this study. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area at Embrapa, Passo Fundo-RS/Brazil, with the objective to evaluate nutrients losses on the water from runoff using a vertical mulching in no tillage system under different intensities of simulated rainfall to promote a sustainable crop management, as well as, to provide new alternatives in the adoption of conservation systems that can be used by farmers, that aiming to reduce the environmental impact of chemical agents on the water sources pollution. The treatments were without vertical mulching, vertical mulching furrow every 10 meters and vertical mulching furrow every 5 meters, located perpendicular to the soil slope in no tillage system for thirteen years. The field experiment was in a completed randomized blocks design with three replications. Rainfalls intensities of 70 and 106 mm h-1 were simulated during the initial growth stage of wheat and soybean development. The variances analysis of total volumes of water from the treatments with vertical mulching each 10 and 5 m, apart showed no significant differences between itself, nevertheless reduce 49.6 to 67.1%, when compared to the treatment without vertical mulching. The nutrients concentrations itself in relation to the treatments has no significant difference. The sequence of totals nutrients losses from higher to lower concentration is: organic carbon, potassium, phosphorus and total nitrogen, which are directly related to the volumes of water from runoff.