Política do Impeachment Presidencial: uma análise comparativa dos fatores que impulsionaram o impedimento de Collor e Rousseff

Abstract

The present research aims to analyze the politics of presidential impeachment in Brazil between 1992 and 2016, specifically the cases of Fernando Collor de Mello (PRN) and Dilma Vana Rousseff (PT). The study focused on three conceptual categories - policy of impeachment, executive/legislative relationship, and legislative shield - to understand the different outcomes of processes that culminate in removing or keeping presidents in office. The analysis was delimited in the support of Congress to answer the research problem: "How does the legislative shield influence the policy of presidential impeachment?". A President's Legislative Shield is made up of parliamentarians willing to protect him in the event of an impeachment process. According to Perez-Liñan (2009), the legislative shield is the size of the president's party coalition and its internal cohesion. Thus, to answer the question, a comparison is presented by means of three factors and their characteristics: Denunciation Factor (Number of Complaints, Parliamentary/Non-parliamentary), Legislative Composition Factor (President of chamber, Party of president) and Coalition Party Factor (Governance Coalition, Coalition of Opposition). First, the comparison of two blocks: those that remained in the presidency even with protocol processes - FHC (PSDB) and Lula (PT) - and those who were deposed - Collor (PRN) and Rousseff (PT). After identifying that the legislative shield is primordial to stop the process, it is made the comparison between the two cases effected in the country to thus identify the similarities and particularities between Collor and Rousseff. Operating this research design, comparing and observing how the impeachment policy delimited in the legislative shield occurred in each scenario, made it possible to test and verify the research hypothesis raised, which presents that the legislative shield as an institutional instrument determines the archiving or follow-up of the presidential impeachment process. The analysis pointed out that although Fernando Collor de Mello and Dilma Vana Rousseff also suffered impeachment, the policy of impediment in each case is distinguished by its characteristics as allies and opponents, but the suggestion that remains is the importance of the legislative shield, which is formed by a strong party coalition and a legislative composition favorable to the president.