Trajetórias tecnológicas dos países de industrialização tardia: estudo comparado do Brasil e da Índia junto ao paradigma das redes flexíveis

Abstract

This dissertation deals with the technological trajectories of late industrialization countries along with the Flexible Networks paradigm, in particular, the comparative analysis between Brazil and India. The objective of this work is to understand the conditioning factors of the technological trajectories of Brazil and India that impacted on the diffusion capacity of these countries along the Flexible Networks paradigm. For this, the research seeks to answer the following research problem: What are the conditioning factors that influenced the technological diffusion capacity of Brazil and India in the Flexible Networks paradigm? And, therefore, how did these conditioning factors impact the respective technological diffusion capacity of each country? The research makes use of a discussion based on a little explored theoretical-analytical framework: Schumpeterian, Evolutionary and Structuralist (SES). In this sense, the approach to technological development in late industrializing countries presupposes state intervention in promoting technological asymmetries as a means of overcoming structural heterogeneity. The research is structured through a qualitative approach. As a method of approach, the research is defined by the historical-comparative instrument. As a method of technical procedure, the research makes use of the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), in particular, the FuzzySet (fsQCA). Through this instrument, the dissertation performs an adaptation of the theoretical model of technological trajectories for countries in the process of catching-up, proposed by Kim, in an adapted analytical model, capable of being operationalized under fuzzy logic. As a result of the investigation, there is the recognition of different routes of technological development along the Paradigm of Flexible Networks. The Brazilian technological trajectory was defined from an integration with foreign capital. However, the limited ability to transfer learning to national entities expressed Brazil's technological dependence. In turn, the Indian technological trajectory was historically constituted through a limited integration into international trade. From the confluence of domestic efforts with the emergence of new international productive dynamics, there is the consolidation of the country as a player in the global information industry. However, the limited expansion of its growth pattern along with other sectors of the economy is evidenced by negative technological balances in high, mediumhigh and medium technology sectors. Finally, processing the fsQCA illustrates the combination of constraints linked to the number of articles in scientific and technical journals, spending on research and development (% of GDP) and the number of patents filed, by residents, in determining the added value to the industry in the Information sector (key industrial sector in the Flexible Networks paradigm) to India, between 1999-2002 and 2003-2006. The absence of Brazil, among the combinations of conditions capable of deliberating the added value to the domestic industry in the Information sector, illustrates that the cases of the country, between 1995 and 2018, did not meet the software parameters, corroborating the technological limitations of Brazil.