Contaminantes e resíduos em alimentos no Brasil e Holanda: diferentes abordagens através da determinação de patulina e biocidas em diversas matrizes alimentares

Abstract

Food safety is a relevant topic due to the growing search for a better life quality and consumer awareness of the right to acquire safe health products. Among the residues and contaminants present in food which may pose a risk to the population, mycotoxins and pesticides are included. In the present work, contamination by mycotoxins, through the patulin determination in apples, and contamination by pesticides, through the biocide’s determination in dairy products and feed, two different approaches were presented in three scientific papers. The first two papers aimed to investigate fungal and patulin contamination, as well as their correlation with volatile compounds (VCs) in apples (up to 25% decayed) of cultivars [1] Fuji Mishima and [2] Maxi Gala stored in controlled atmosphere (CA) and dynamic controlled atmosphere with respiratory quotient (DCA-RQ). The fruits were stored under the above conditions for eight and nine months plus seven days of shelf life at 20 °C, respectively. This is the first study to evaluate the effects of fungal growth x patulin x volatile profile x CA and DCA storage in apples destined for industrialization. In both studies, it was evident that even using modern storage technologies, toxigenic species and patulin were presented in apples from all conditions. Penicillium expansum was the most prevalent species. Conditions with lower pCO2 were associated with lower patulin concentration. Except for one condition (Fuji Mishima apples under ACD-QR1.3 + 0.8 kPa CO2), all the others showed apples contaminated with patulin in concentrations higher than the legislation TLM of 50 μg kg-1 (up to 440 μg kg-1 in Maxi Gala apples). The results call attention mainly to the apple industry, because even processing fruits with low decay incidence (up to 25% of severity) still implies a risk for consumers due to the toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins presence. Fungal growth can also contribute to changes in volatile composition. In both cultivars, styrene and 3-methyl-1-butanol were found, compounds considered in the literature as fungal markers for P. expansum in apples. The third paper aimed [3] to develop and validate an analytical method for the multiresidual determination of biocides in dairy products (milk, milk powder and ice cream) and two types of feed using QuEChERS and liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. resolution (LCHRMS). Analytical validation was performed according to SANTE/11312/2021 and the results showed that the majority of compounds met the accuracy and precision criteria. The LOQ was 10 ng g-1 for most biocides depending on the matrix. The method was applied to quantify biocides in dairy products and feed from the Netherlands where three ice cream samples and one feed sample showed DDAC-C10 (450, 326, 23 ng g-1 and 366 ng g-1 , respectively) exceeding the standard MRL for pesticides (10 ng g-1 ) and, another feed sample showed contamination with imazalil (185 ng g-1 ).