Efeito de diferentes protocolos de treinamento físico em modelo experimental de osteoartrite

Abstract

Osteoarthritis is characterized as a chronic and degenerative joint disease, affecting approximately 50% of the elderly population, being associated with pain and morphological and biochemical alterations. It is known that exercise acts as a non-invasive therapeutic form, through its various benefits, such as improving muscle mass and function, bone remodeling and preservation, among others. However, no proof of benefit is found in the literature when related to aquatic training or strength training, both widely prescribed and indicated for the elderly population and those with osteoarthritis. Our objective was to observe parameters related to painful behavior, edema and bone morphology (article 1), in addition to analyzing the oxidative-antioxidant profile (article 2) in a model of osteoarthritis induced by a single injection of sodium monoiodoacetate, in the knee of male rats, and verify the real and possible benefit of aquatic and strength training on these mentioned parameters. The animals were divided into: control group (C), injury group with sodium monoidoacetate (MIA), M + aquatic training (M+AT), M + strength training (M+ST) and M+ positive control - diclofenac sodium (M+Dic). We observed in article 1 that the animals in group M presented alterations compatible with the human disease, such as pain, edema and bone degradation. The M+AT group was not effective in changing parameters related to pain, edema and bone morphology, while in the M+ST group the analyzed parameters were attenuated, as well as showing an increase in muscle strength and function, not observed by aquatic training. With regard to the M+Dic group, no significant changes were observed when related to behavior, in addition to no changes being observed at histopathological levels. In article 2, we observed that the M group presented similar characteristics to studies in the literature, such as a higher oxidative profile in the liver, kidney, plasma and brainstem. The trainings again presented alterations different from those found in the literature, showing that the M+AT group presented attenuation of the redox status by neutralizing the toxicity of sodium monoidoacetate, observed in the kidney, plasma and brainstem. No alterations were observed in the antioxidant enzymatic activity and in the histopathological parameters evaluated. However, again the M+ST group showed more significant benefits in their results, demonstrating that training reduced oxidative status by the same mechanism as aquatic training, however, with an increase in antioxidant enzymatic activity and an increase in muscle mass, suggesting an improvement in histopathological parameters evaluated through this dataset. Still, we observed specific alterations of training in the liver (M+AT group) and kidney (M+ST) when related to the production of reactive oxygen species, denoting consistency in the characteristics of the proposed exercises. In this sense, we conclude that aquatic training, despite the great clinical consensus demonstrating its superiority for elderly patients with OA, our data suggest that strength training was more effective, improving the evaluated parameters, and through these, preserving greater the bone structure of the animals with osteoarthritis, and therefore suggesting that it is the most suitable training for this specific group.