Plantas ornamentais nativas: elementos para seleção e cultivo de doze espécies do bioma Pampa

Abstract

The basis of this dissertation is on necessity of more knowledge about the biodiversity and your potentials and, after that take actions for your appreciation, dissemination and conservation. The first paper presents the status of knowledge about elements of selection of native species for use in landscaping and in floral art, to include them in cultivation research and final uses. Through a meta-analysis we select 79 publications, from which we obtained 54 characters of selection that were grouped into aesthetic, ecological, technical-economic, and cultural. The publications distribution by countries revealed potential for research growth in the global context. The participation of groups in the selection context was aesthetic (26%), technical-economical (39%), ecological (22%), and cultural (13%). The characters of the ecological group highlighted the importance of ornamental native species in the face of global environmental problems. The technical-economic aspects revealed the substantial practical-executive foundation in the definition of species. The cultural aspects supported the complexity of the social factors involved and allowed the discussion of aspects such as the standardization of consumption habits and cultural barriers to the use of native species. The selection context is strongly aligned with systemic thinking, demonstrating that there are multidisciplinary subsidies for the selection of ornamental species. However, there are challenges in popularizing these characters and generate knowledge that can respond to them with species data. Assuming the multiple uses of native plants to conservation, mitigation of biodiversity loss and to reduce the effects of global climatic crisis, in the second paper we show the experiment results about high-density direct seeding for 12 native ornamental species of Pampa biome, we analyzed 14 variables derived from paper 1 and related with cultivation response and ornamental expression. We analyzed the time of seedling emergence, expression of landscape interest, response to rainfall, frost and soil, height growth, ground cover, duration of landscape interest, flowering period, fruiting period, length and productivity of stems, and multiple uses. We verified the resistance and rusticity of the species, although the drought delayed the reproductive expression in Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. and Andropogon bicornis L. and reduced the potential expression for Solidago chilensis Meyen in the first spring-summer period, all species produced fully in the following spring-summer period. Saccharum angustifolium (Nees) Trin. did not fully develop, expressing lower productive potential due to dry soil. In general, we obtained very positive results, both for cultivation and ornamental expression for A. satureioides, Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob., Baccharis spicata (Lam.) Baill., Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Less.) DC., Orthopappus angustifolius (Sw.) Gleason, S. chilensis, Vernonanthura nudiflora H.Rob., A. bicornis, Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter and Eustachys distichophylla (Lag.) Nees. We recommend tests with C. pedunculosa seeds and new S. angustifolium cultivation in sites with high water availability. With this research we give an important step towards the expression of native species from Pampa biome in the gardens and floral art.