Pobreza multidimensional na pandemia do covid-19: uma mensuração para além da renda no contexto brasileiro

Abstract

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) based on the methodology proposed by Alkire and Foster (2007). The methodology of analysis of multidimensional poverty was developed from the perspective of poverty of Amartya Sen's Capability Approach (2000), which defines as poor the individual deprived of his basic capabilities. By applying the Alkire-Foster method to data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD COVID-19), the present study sought to estimate a multidimensional poverty index for the period of the pandemic in Brazil. Among the most diverse dimensions that influence a person's level of well-being, those used in this study were: education, health, labor, income and habitation, in accordance with the availability of data from the PNAD COVID-19. The results obtained through the conceptual analysis model constructed indicate that 74.7% of Brazilians are considered multidimensionally poor. In addition, the level of poverty intensity that affects these individuals is 0.414, which means that they are deprived, on average, in 41.4% of the evaluated indicators. The estimated MPI was 0.309, which indicates that the Brazilian population suffers 30.9% of the maximum deprivation it could suffer. When giving a gender cut to the index, it was observed that women have a higher MPI than men, indicating greater proportions of deprivation. Non-white people (black, yellow, brown and indigenous people), together, have a higher MPI than self-declared white people. Regarding the geographic area, it was observed that individuals who live in rural areas are considerably more deprived than individuals who live in urban areas. Furthermore, it was observed that the regions with the highest MPI are the Northeast and North regions, respectively; the region with the lowest adjusted incidence of poverty is the South Region.