Fatores determinantes da variação do crânio de canídeos sul-americanos

Abstract

Right after the arising of the Panama isthmus, the family Canidae colonized South America, around 2.6-2.4 million years ago. Although canids radiation in South America is recent, this region holds the largest canid diversity in the world, with more than 10 extant species. This great diversity is also notable when dealing with the ecomorphological variation of these animals. The maned-wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), a large omnivore, and the bush-dog (Speothos venaticus), a small hypercarnivore, are the extreme exemples of this variation. Such shape diversity can be potentially explained by both abiotic, such as climate, and biotic factors, like competition. These factors may have contributed for stabilizing the south-american canids community. Thus, this study aimed to investigate what drives this ecomorphological amplitude, as well as to understand how can similar species coexist when overlapping their distributional ranges, such as the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), which has sympatric areas with Lycalopex vetulus and L. gymnocercus, two foxes ecologically similar to Cerdocyon thous. To answer these questions, 431 especies were photographed in nine South-American museums. Through geometric morphometric procedures, it was possible to quantify the phenotypic variation of eight canid species (Atelocynus microtis, C. thous, C. brachyurus, L. culpaeus, L. griseus, L. gymnocercus, L. vetulus e S. venaticus) throughout their geographical range and then test the contribution of biotic and abiotic factors driving this variation. The evidences presented in this study suggest C. thous alters its shape and body size when in sympatry with two Lycalopex species, pattern described by character displacement , which is when similar species shift their phenotype in order to minimize competition. Besides, C. thous also follows the Bergmann s rule, which predicts that body size increases at larger latitudes. When considering the canid community as a whole, climate was identified as the main factor contributing to phenotypic variation in these animals. Competition has a weaker impact in south-american canids skull morphology, although it may have played a larger role in the past, when the ecomorphological diversity in the subcontinent was even larger.