Burnout e hardiness entre discentes de graduação em enfermagem

Abstract

In professional training of the nursing degree courses, there are situations which may be evaluated as stressful by students. If effective strategies are not used for coping with these situations, the stress remains and can lead to Burnout. However, Hardiness Personality is a set of features that allow resistance to stress, what is opposed to Burnout occurrence. In this process, some sociodemographic and academic characteristics can contribute to Hardiness and, thus, reduce the possibility of Burnout occurrence. In this sense, we verified the relationships among sociodemographic and academic characteristics, Burnout Syndrome and Personality Hardiness in nursing students of three Brazilian universities. This research is part of an ongoing project whose collection and partial data analysis were performed between 2011 and 2012. It is an analytical, cross-sectional and quantitative research. For data collection, we used the following instruments: Form to sociodemographic and academic characterization of students, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) and Hardiness Scale (EH). For analysis and organization of information, we built a database in an electronic spreadsheet in Excel (Office 2007) and used the Statistical Analysis System and Statistica. The qualitative variables were presented through absolute (n) and percentile(%) values and quantitative variables through descriptive measures: minimum and maximum values, mean and standard deviation. Cronbach alpha was used to analyze instruments internal consistency. We applied groups comparison tests to analyze the associations and comparisons among interest variables and tests were selected according to type of each variable involved. p values <0,05 were considered statistically significant, with a confidence interval of 95%. There was predominance of students who are female (84.21%), with age between 20 and 24 years (47.37%), single (74.39%), without children (81.05%) and who live with family (75.57%). Concerning to MBI-SS subscales, we verified that 64.04% of students showed a high level of Emotional Exhaustion, 35.79% high level of Cynicism and 87.72% low level of Professional Efficacy. Associating these subscales, 24.74% (n = 141) of participants presented Burnout. Regarding to HS domains, we observed 48.77% of population with high level of Control, 61.40% high level of Commitment and 35.44% high level of Challenge. In these domains association, we evidenced 21.93% (n = 125) of students with Hardiness Personality. There was a statistically significant difference between Hardiness Personality and Burnout (p = 0.033) occurrence among nursing students, being that 68.00% (n = 85) of Hardy students were not in Burnout. The occurrence, both of Burnout, as of Hardiness, was higher among students who are female, unmarried, without children, aged between 20 and 24 years, do not perform sports, without academic scholarship, enrolled in first semester, attending 10 disciplines, as well as among those who are satisfied to the course and did not think about drop it. We confirmed Hardiness as a set of features that allow stress resistance and, therefore, it is opposed to Burnout occurrence among nursing students. The sociodemographic and academic context contributes both to negative stress outcomes, like Burnout, as for strengthening of hardiness personality characteristics. Therefore, the manner in which student interprets the academic context may be define the outcomes related to stress.