Análise estática normalizada e modelagem de pequenos sinais do conversor classe-e utilizando transformadores piezoelétricos

Abstract

Piezoelectric transformers (PTs) allow the design of promising power supply applications, increasing efficiency, reducing size, facilitating the achievement of high transformation ratio, besides providing high immunity against electromagnetic noise. Due to the electrical equivalent model having resonant characteristics, some resonant topologies are naturally suitable for these power supplies, i.e. the Class- E, Half-Bridge, Full-Bridge and Push-pull. Among these topologies, the Class-E converter has a highlight of having one controlled switch. The static gain of the Class-E is changed through the switching frequency variation, while the duty cycle is adjusted with the purpose of achieving soft switching for different switching frequencies and loads. The analisys of this process becomes complex when the system has a high number of reactive elements. One way to simplify this analisys is applying a normalized methodology. On this regard, the first result of this work is the normalized analisys of the functionally of the Class-E converter, including normalized load and switching frequency variation. This allows choosing one optimum point for the static design, without the necessity of design parameters. The main objective of this analisys is the obtention of the duty cycle behavior in order to have soft switching for all operation points. In a second moment, a small-signal model was derived using the generalized averaging method, through Fourier series aproximation. The model describes the relevant poles and zeros of the system, being accurate enough for different loads and switching frequencies. The behavior of resonant converters changes considerably for different operating points; therefore it is important to have a model that represents the system well. The normalized analisys allowed simplifying the small-signal model derivation, once soft switching is achieved for all the operation points. Experimental measurements validate either the normalized or the small signal derivation methodologies. The measurements were achieved for a 3W step-down converter, with universal 85-265 V AC input and 6 V DC output.