Potential of truffles in pecan and edible ectomycorrhizal fungi in forestry plantations
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Data
2022-01-31Primeiro membro da banca
Giachini, Admir José
Segundo membro da banca
Gasparin, Ezequiel
Terceiro membro da banca
Jacques, Rodrigo Josemar Seminoti
Quarto membro da banca
Grebenc, Tine
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The promotion of plant growth and the provision of food are important functions of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest ecosystems. In this context, this study sought to elucidate the potential of truffles in pecan and other edible ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest plantations. Therefore, three studies were developed: (i) to evaluate the potential of mycorrhization of pecan seedlings of two cultivars with two European truffles species, (ii) to report ecological and nutritional aspects of Tuber floridanum, and (iii) to elucidate the potential of edible ectomycorrhizal fungi in Brazilian forest plantations. In study I, the mycorrhization of pecan cultivars (Barton and Importada) with European truffle species (T. aestivum and T. brumale) was tested. We investigated whether truffle species could establish ectomycorrhizal associations with pecan cultivars in subtropical Brazilian conditions. Additionally, the percentages of ectomycorrhizal colonization were determined, and the effects of mycorrhization on growth parameters (shoots and roots) and the nutrient content of seedlings were analysed. In study II, we compiled information from expeditions to ten pecan orchards in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, carried out from 2018 to 2020. It was reported the nutritional value of Tuber floridanum (proteins, carbohydrates, remaining ash, fats, and volatile organic compounds) and the ecological parameters of pecan orchards (mycophagy and soil physicochemical properties). In study III, a literature review was carried out on potential edible ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with native and alien forest tree species in Brazil. It was also determined the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, copper, and zinc in Lactarius spp. collected in pine forest fragments. For study I, it is highlighted that the protocol of pecan mycorrhization with T. aestivum and T. brumale allowed obtaining high levels of colonization in seedlings of the cultivars Barton and Importada. The cultivar Barton inoculated with T. brumale showed an increase in the morphological parameters of growth, and the mycorrhization protocol allowed obtaining seedlings with adequate nutritional quality for later transplantation to the field. In study II, it was found that three volatile organic compounds (octan-3-one, 1-methoxy-3-methyl-butane, and 1-methoxy-2-methyl-butane) determine the characteristic aroma of T. floridanum. Soil properties with truffle occurrence were different from European conditions, as well as the nutritional composition of truffles. In pecan orchards, perforations caused by earwigs (Dermaptera, Anisolabididae, Anisolabidinae) can reduce the visual quality of truffles and their commercial value. Study III reported the occurrence of twenty-two species of potential edible ectomycorrhizal fungi in association with native or alien forest tree species in Brazil, and the southern region is a potential area to explore wild edible mushrooms, mainly in Pinus and Eucalyptus plantations. The edible mushroom Lactarius spp., collected in pine forest fragments, showed low concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead proving to be safe for consumption. However, sites with higher human impact may increase the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, copper, zinc, and mercury in Lactarius spp. These studies highlight the importance of edible ectomycorrhizal fungi for the market of non-wood forest products (truffles and mushrooms) and for the sustainability of forest plantations.
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