Elementos de influência da política externa independente (1961- 1964) no governo Lula (2003-2010): uma análise histórica descritiva

Abstract

The Independent Foreign Policy (PEI), formulated under the governments of Jânio Quadros and João Goulart (1961-1964), projected a Brazil independent from the predominant ideological blocs in an unusual period of the Cold War, in which the common and expected thing was to ally with to one of the blocs. There was a commitment to foreign policy as a provider of the means to overcome the main challenges of underdevelopment, as well as the promotion of social justice. It is identified in the policy of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former president who governed Brazil between 2003 and 2010, several similarities with the ideals defended by the PEI. Understanding an opportunity to contribute to the theme going beyond the sphere of national analysis, the present work proposes, using the historical description of the facts, to identify possible continuities of the PEI during the Lula Government under three levels of analysis. Constituting the intervening variable of the work, the standard periods are contextualized in terms of the level of the current International System and its main dynamics. As an independent variable, point out the political and motivated crises that fell on both governments. As a dependent variable, it is investigated which were the decisions taken by the rulers in the face of the established crises, taking into account the limits of each period and seeking to point out similarities or ruptures between the decisions. Despite innovating in their discourse, Jânio Quadros and João Goulart were unable to bring about major concrete changes for Brazil, and even aroused communist fear in the country, which underwent an intervention in 1964, under strong American influence. On the spectrum of the globalized world and interconnected economies, Lula's government fought for more acceptable conditions for the application of the concepts launched by the PEI.