Modos de ser migrante: precarização do trabalho e precarização do sujeito em uma racionalidade neoliberal

Abstract

The so-called current migration crisis is sometimes related to legal, economic and political issues that negatively impact the country receiving migrants. In the same way, when social and humanitarian issues come into play, they always seem to be related to the institutional scope and not, in fact, looking at the subjects. Based on this “crisis”, we intend to dedicate ourselves, in this dissertation, to discussing the problem of welcoming migrants from two aspects, suggested by institutional discourse as possible conditioning factors for hospitality: working and speaking Portuguese. As specific objectives, we seek to a) Understand how the institution of meanings about migration takes place, as well as the management of migrant subjects, through institutional discourse; b) Discuss how migrants are inserted into Brazilian neoliberal rationality through work; and c) Identify how migrant subjects are constituted under these conditions, seeking to find possible marks of resistance to the order of dominant discourses. We take as theoretical-philosophical assumptions discursive-deconstructive studies (CORACINI, 2007, 2019; DA ROSA, RONDELLI, PEIXOTO, 2015), which are based on the articulation of research by Foucault, Derrida and Lacan. With Foucault (2004, 2008, 2009 2010), we deepen the notions of modes of subjectivation, relations of power and resistance, as well as the functioning of modes of governmentality . With Derrida (2000, 2001, 2003), we understand the notion of foreigner, of hos (ti) pitality and we are supported by his critique of monolingualism. With Lacan (1998), reading by Coracini (2007, 2019), Fink (1998) and Elia (2004), we draw on the notion of the subject of the unconscious and language/language, proposed by Freudian-Lacanian psychoanalysis. Supported by this theoretical aim, we analyzed six excerpts from the Refugiados Empreendedores website, created by a government initiative during the COVID-19 pandemic to publicize companies led by refugees, where we were able to capture marks of the institutionalization of meanings about migration and work. However, we are faced with numerous conditions on the website so that migrants who want to publicize their businesses can do so. The subjects' narratives are erased and they are forced to sell a story of overcoming, the story of the “entrepreneur”. Therefore, we chose to analyze life stories (CORACINI, 2007; ANDRADE, 2021; DA ROSA, 2013), as we understand that , through self-narrative, we are able to propose other interpretations of what is considered evident, making it possible to discuss , also, on the issue of subjectivity. We then carried out a group interview with six migrants, which allowed us to identify, through the seven analyzed excerpts, that migrant subjects are constituted in/through the language (always of the other), in a place determined by the institutionalization of meanings about migration, which means that they are trapped in the production chain of neoliberalism and trapped in the chain of signifiers in which they say/are said. When they arrive in Brazil, we realize that they are forced to (illusory) learn a bureaucratized language that functions as part of governmentality devices, managing the constitution of a precarious subject. However, since language is the place of incompleteness, of failure, something escapes in the process of constitution of these subjects and resists the order of dominant discourses, which allows different possibilities of being.