Qualidade da matéria orgânica e disponibilidade de cobre em solos de áreas de videira

Abstract

In Brazil, the grape is produced in several regions, but in the South that the culture of the vine has great economic importance because it has suitable climatic conditions for growing this species. The application continues to Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide has caused a rise in copper in vineyard soils, especially in the copper layers of soil, causing an increased bioavailability and causing greater phytotoxicity to plants. The phytotoxicity of copper depends on the relative distribution between the chemical forms of metal, which are related to physical and chemical properties of each soil, and the soluble metal in free or complexed with organic matter (OM) present, more phytotoxic to the forms in the form of insoluble salts or associated with organic matter, oxides and clays present in the soil solid phase. Copper is toxic to a wide variety of edaphic organisms, affecting growth, morphology and metabolism of microorganisms, and thus adversely affect the characteristics of soil organic matter (SOM), since these microorganisms are responsible for degradation. Also, copper has the ability to form stable complexes with the MOS, protecting it from the humification process, because the complex formation prevents these macromolecules are able to participate in other chemical reactions and undergo changes in its structure. The overall purpose of the thesis was to evaluate the relationship between MOS and copper in soil, related to the chemical characteristics of SOM and bioavailability of copper. For the development of theory, surface samples (0-10 cm) of six soils were collected in areas of vine with a history of systematic application of heavy metals and nearby areas with native plants without copper in Serra Gaucha region of Brazil. Studies of adsorption and desorption were done to verify the retention capacity of copper in the soil, and were related to studies of fractionation of copper used to quantify and qualify the ways of metal retention in different soil components. Four soils were incubated in plastic bags, with the addition of different amounts of copper (0, 200, 400, 600 and 1.200 mg kg-1), were collected periodically for chemical analysis. Some samples of these soils were selected for the creation of chemical fractionation to study the chemical characteristics of humic substances. The results showed that soils under native forest have low copper content, from 77.2 to 84.7 mg kg-1, linked mainly in fractions more stable as the residual and MOS compared to soils with a vineyard with levels total of 674.2 to 1154.6 mg kg-1, distributed in all fractions of soil, but the retention in the more stable fractions decreased of 51.0 to 78.2% of appropriations. Studies of adsorption and desorption showed that the soils have high adsorption capacity and high hysteresis occurs due to the presence of sites with high affinity for copper. The incubation studies showed that the presence of this metal in high concentration affects the process of humification of the SOM, which explains the fact that humic substances from soils of vineyards have less aromaticity with greater presence of functional groups compared to soil under native forest. The availability of this element was changed after the incubation period and may be related to the content of the fraction of humic acid (CAH) in the soil and changes in soil pH. Plant growth was affected with the increase of copper content available and was directly proportional to the fraction of fulvic acid (CAF).