Emissão de óxido nitroso e metano em um planossolo alagado em casa de vegetação

Abstract

Human activities have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Agriculture, mainly in Brazil, has been identified as a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, but is also seen as an activity that allows emission reduction through appropriate management practices and land use. The floodplain soils are suitable for cultivation of paddy rice, and Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer of rice in these conditions, and consequently, one of the most responsible for the emission of methane. Knowledge of the methane emissions from flooded soils is quite advanced, as well as carbon dioxide, but nitrous oxide still lacks much study to the knowledge along with the other gases reach the management that provides the least impact on terms of emissions of greenhouse gases. The aim of this work was to evaluate the factors controlling the emission of greenhouse gases in flooded soils and their electrochemical processes responsible for change in the constituents of the soil solution related to emissions. The study was developed under controlled conditions in the Department of Soil, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013. The experiment consisted of the assessment of the effects of the following factors: with rice cultivation and fallow rice; different doses and amounts of nitrate and added straw; different managements of straw and water. For such studies pots containing soil collected in lowland rice producer Soils Department UFSM (Planossolo Háplico) were assembled. Air samples and soil solution were analyzed. This thesis is structured in three studies: in study I tested the hypothesis that, due to the electrolytic reduction process for changing the state of soil moisture, the dynamics of nitrous oxide should not be the same as methane, therefore, the time interval between data collection and the collection time are also not, in study II aimed to relate nitrate concentration and the amount of straw with the intensity and period of nitrous oxide, and the study III the effect of management was evaluated rice straw and water in the change of the electrochemical characteristics of the soil and hence in the emission of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. As the most important results and conclusions was that: The appropriate interval between the sampling of gas for analysis of nitrous oxide is 24 hours, while for methane and carbon dioxide can be up to one week; N2O emission occurs only at the beginning of flooding duration depending on the availability of nitrate, CH4 from 20th DA and CO2 is during the period of rice cultivation, the time most suitable for collecting samples to represent the daily average emission of oxide nitrous is close at noon; the addition of straw in flooded soils reduces the emission of N2O to the atmosphere; the lower the nitrate concentration in soil and incorporated greater amount of straw, the lower the emission of N2O, but this condition could favor the onset of methane emission, because the straw helps consume oxidized compounds such as nitrate precursor, N2O, and accelerates the electrolytic reduction required for methane production.