Fontes orgânicas e Mineral: produção de culturas, alteração nos atributos químicos do solo e transferência de formas de nitrogênio e de fósforo

Abstract

The pig slurry, pig deep-litter and cattle slurry applied in soils under no-tillage can serve as a source of nutrients for crops, increasing the production of dry matter of shoots and grain production. This is because, successive applications in the long term tend to change the soil chemical properties making it favorable for the development of agricultural crops, if handled properly. Moreover, these applications continued on the same area can promote the accumulation of nutrients in cultivated soils. Thus, there may be the transport of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to aquatic environments through runoff and or percolation, causing environmental imbalances. This aim of this study was to analyze the influence of continuous application of organic and mineral nutrient sources on grain yield and nutrient accumulation in crops and evaluate the changes in soil chemical properties and the transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff and percolation under no-tillage. For this, two studies were developed: Study I aimed to evaluate, in the long term, the distribution of nutrients in the soil profile and the productivity of grain crops and ground cover plants when subjected to successive applications of organic and mineral sources nutrients. This study was conducted in a Typic Hapludalf with pig slurry applications (PS), cattle slurry (CS), pig deep-litter (PL) and mineral fertilizers (NPK) before the implementation of each of the succession culture: corn/oats in the years 2009/2010; 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 and in the year 2012/13 black oat /black beans. The study II aimed to evaluate transfers of forms of N and P by the drained solution and percolated in the same area subjected to successive applications of organic and mineral nutrient sources managed under no-tillage. In this experiment, samples were collected drained and leached solution and determined the total N, P-soluble P-particulate and P-total. The results obtained demonstrate that the CSS provided increment, both in the production of grain and dry matter accumulation and apparent recovery of N, P and K of cultures. The highest dry matter production of cultivated species and applications of different organic sources of nutrients promoted increase in levels of soil organic matter while allowing an increase in soil pH. Also provided the increase in important soil properties, such as the P, K, Ca and Mg available in the soil, in relation to the use of traditional mineral fertilization. The data showed that successive applications provide greater total-N transfer, surface runoff and percolation in the soil under the application of DLS and CSS. The largest transfers of P were observed in treatments with application of DLS, DLB and CSS in drained and leached solution. Therefore, it is essential to constantly monitor the quantities of organic and mineral sources added in crops, as well as the losses of N and P incurred pursuant to excess and / or in the same area, as these parameters are relevant when it aims to productivity and sustainability of agro-ecosystems.