Efeito in vivo e in vitro do guaraná nos distúrbios metabólicos e nos biomarcadores inflamatórios associados à lipotoxicidade

Abstract

The worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased severely in recent decades. Obese people have risk of developing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome (MS) and cancer. In addition, obesity has been related to oxidative changes and a low-grade chronic inflammation that initially affects adipose tissue and later the others organs and systems. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a native plant from the Amazon, Brazil which has bioactive compounds that appear to act in energy metabolism, oxidative and inflammatory processes. However, epidemiological studies about guaraná consumption effect are still incipient. Thus, this study investigated the in vivo effect of habitual intake of guarana on the individuals health, observing the occurrence of obesity, type 2 diabetes and MS, as well as the markers associated with these diseases, as well as their behavior in experiments in vitro. In a first case-control study included 637 elderly were divided among those who habitually drank guaraná (GI: n = 421) and those who did not ingest the plant (NG, n = 239). The prevalence of hypertension, obesity and MS was lower in GI, than in the NG. In addition, in GI women were observed lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and AOPP (products of advanced protein oxidation). The men in this group showed lower values of waist circumference. In a second study, we used an in vivo protocol for evaluation the guaraná effect on inflamatory markers levels. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with and without guaraná (5 g/ml), besides glucose (15 mM) and insulin (1 mU/ml). Were also evaluates the citokyne plasma levels in subjects suplemented with guaraná (90 mg/day) for 14 days. Both the in vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrated a decrease in the proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-, IFN- and an increase in antiinflammatory IL-10. The results demonstrate the protective guaraná effect against obesity, hypertension and MS, as well as his performance on the oxidative and inflammatory processes associated with these.