Mulheres no Brasil: análise das determinações salariais e da pobreza multidimensional no ano de 2015

Abstract

Discussions about gender issues have taken the global stage for decades. However, even with advances in the direction of equity between men and women, there is still much to be achieved for women to have social, economic and political conditions to live with dignity and quality of life. In order to contribute to the advancement of gender debates in the Brazilian scenario, this study has as main objective to understand how the conditions to which women are subjected in Brazil influence the determination of their salaries, as well as - in a multidimensional perspective - understand the situation of Brazilian female poverty. To this end, the research is formalized through the writing of two complementary scientific articles, one that deals with the salary determinations of women in Brazil and the second that addresses female poverty from a multidimensional analysis. The time frame chosen for the analysis is 2015, considering the availability of PNAD data. The following methodological tools were used: i) an econometric model of the cross section type, called Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), to analyze the variables that impact on the wage determination of women; and ii) the Alkire-Foster method, which allows the phenomenon of poverty to be analyzed in a multidimensional way, in addition to monetary terms. As the main influencers in determining wages for women in Brazil, the results showed that skin color, contribution to social security, living area, having a formal contract, being a mother and marital status were the variables analyzed that most impacted the training of women's wages.The econometric results indicated that non-white women receive 28.7% lower wages than those of white women, evidencing the strong presence of discrimination related to skin color in Brazil. In addition, 13.63% of the Brazilian women analyzed were considered multidimensionally poor, with the Northeast region as the highest proportion of poor women with the highest level of deprivation and, in contrast, the Southeast region with the lowest proportion. In Brazil, women are more private in terms of years of study, showing that 63% of the analyzed women have not completed 11 years of study (complete high school). As a result, domestic work was shown to be the second indicator that women suffer most from deprivation, covering 45% of the analyzed women, whose more than 16 hours per week are devoted to domestic chores. In contrast, access to lighting is the indicator that women are less private, with a percentage of deprivation of only 0.3%, followed by the material indicator of home (walls) with 1.2% of private women, showing the success of some federal government social programs. In addition, the dissertation highlighted the need for public policies that focus on the vulnerabilities that women suffer in Brazilian society, in all areas.