Fatores de risco relacionados à mortalidade neonatal: revisão integrativa

Abstract

Neonatal mortality is the main component of infant mortality, because the highest number of deaths occurs during this period. Thus, leaders from different countries, including Brazil, are looking for strategies to reduce this global scenario. In the country, although there has already been a significant reduction in the neonatal and infant mortality rate, there are still many deaths that could be avoided with access to adequate health care. In a municipality in the Central region of Rio Grande do Sul, there is a management instrument that identifies newborns who are at risk of early death. However, it has been out of date for over 20 years. Therefore, the objective was to identify the risk factors related to neonatal mortality described in national scientific production in the period from 2018 to 2023, with the aim of improving the recognition of these children and avoid this outcome. This is an integrative review, carried out in the Virtual Health Library, using the terms (newborn OR infant) AND (early neonatal mortality OR neonatal mortality OR infant mortality) AND (risk factors) AND (Brazil), in the databases LILACS, BDENF and MEDLINE, in the last five years. The search resulted in a total of 1,081 articles, and of these, 15 were selected to compose the study. Two categories of risk factors emerged: isolated and associated. Among the most prevalent risk factors, the following were identified as isolated: low birth weight, prematurity, Apgar 5th minute <7, prenatal care with less than 7 consultations, congenital malformation and male sex; the associated ones: maternal age < 19 years, multiple pregnancy, maternal education < 8 years, previous history of fetal death, socioeconomic vulnerability and presence of complications during pregnancy. Therefore, it was possible to observe that most of the risk factors are modifiable given the access to adequate perinatal monitoring, as well as the recognition of regional particularities. So that managers and health professionals are able to carry out actions and advances in work processes, in order to reduce neonatal mortality.