O discurso das mulheres atingidas pelo acontecimento do desastre da Samarco no jornal A Sirene

Abstract

This thesis aims to reflect on the meanings attributed to the disaster by the women affected by the collapse of the Samarco tailings dam in Mariana (MG). The starting problem is the fact that there is a process of invisibilization of women and the issues associated with them that take place at the intersection between the journalistic discourse of disasters and the symbolic and pragmatic structuring of the journalistic discourse itself. It is based on research that points to a process of silencing the social aspects of disasters in media coverage (VALENCIO; VALENCIO, 2017, 2018) and, in the imbrication with gender, of constraining women to positions of subalternity and victimization (ENARSON; MORROW, 2000; MAYER et al, 2008; SIENA, 2009). The empirical object is the newspaper A Sirene, produced by journalists and people affected by the Samarco disaster. Thereby general aim is to understand how the newspaper A Sirene shapes the discourse of the women affected by the disaster, to analyze the nuclei of meaning present in the problematic fields mobilized by them, delineate which Discursive Formations they are linked to, and relate them to gender issues. As a theoretical contribution, we used the concepts of event (FRANÇA, 2012; QUÉRÉ, 2005), journalistic discourse of disasters (AMARAL; ASCENCIO; CRISTOBAL, 2020; AMARAL, 2011, 2013, 2015), as well as feminist theories (HARAWAY, 1995; RAGO, 2019; SCOTT, 1995) and the intersection with journalism (ESCOSTEGUY, 2020 LOBO et al., 2017; MORAES; VEIGA DA SILVA, 2019). The perspective of Discourse Analysis (PÊCHEUX, 2014, ORLANDI, 2020) supports the study not only as a theoretical reference but also as a methodological reference, as it is believed that it is through discourse that the production of social meanings is established based on power relations. The analysis was carried out in two movements: the first led us to conclude that the affected women are used as source-coauthors by the newspaper A Sirene, due to the degree of involvement with the newspaper and the relevance of their testimonies in shaping reports. From the second movement, we identified that the Discursive Formations which give meaning to the women's discourses operate within the logics of Resignation and Empowerment, making them oscillate between discourses of conformism and resistance. We also recognize eight problematic fields revealed by them, which orbit around two axes that operate a process of social hierarchization, namely: the structuring of knowledge and the sexual division of labor and double sexual morality. We also identified that A Sirene, although with limitations, politicizes the issues naturally attributed to the female universe, making them a journalistic assignment. Finally, we have concluded that the newspaper A Sirene presents a journalistic practice that is close to the ideals of feminist theories, which gives us a glimpse of the potential for social transformation in journalism that gives value to women's stories and the stories that women tell.