Diagnóstico e recuperação da mata ciliar da Sanga Lagoão do ouro na microbacia hidrográfica do Vacacaí-Mirim, Santa Maria - RS

Abstract

The intensive and disordered use of the soil has been taking many ecosystems to the degradation, besides the ciliary ones that, in spite of they be considered by the legislation as Permanent Preservation Areas, they have been suffering constant antropic pressures and every time larger, and as consequence occur its degradation. In this wey, the present study has as objective evaluate the antropic pressure impacts on the ciliary forest of an urban-rural tributary on the watershed of the Vacacaímirim, Santa Maria - RS, seeking to diagnose the degradation degree and to indicate a subsequent recovery. The study was accomplished on the ciliary forest of the Lagoão do Ouro stream, tributary of 3th order of the Vacacaí-mirim river. The fountain is located in urban area, traveling several towns, the Campus of UFSM, besides an extensive rural area. The predominant soils are classified as: Argissolos Bruno-Acinzentados, Vermelho-Amarelos and Vermelhos , besides Planossolos Háplicos , being these of low natural fertility and quite susceptible to water erosion. Studies of surveying of the degradation were accomplished, in 12 sampling plots of 300 m2 each demarcated along of the margin of the Lagoão do Ouro stream, with the collection of the following information: species floristic surveying of natural occurrence and its regeneration potential, presence of exotic species, evaluation of the bank of soil seeds in two collection times, soil use, soil covering on surface level and by the canopy of the trees and surveying of the erosion (current and potential). The main soil chemical properties (analysis completes of routine) and physics (density, porosity, texture and structure) were appraised also, in each one of the sampling plots. The correlations of the environmental characteristics and antropics with the current erosion and potential erosive were unfolded in direct and indirect effects. After evaluation diagnostic of the degradation, the experiment of recovery of the ciliary ecosystem was preceded, through the revegetation with native species and natural regeneration, besides the soil bioengineering use for erosion control in the stream margin. The floristic surveying showed there to be degradation of the ciliary forest, evidenced by the low number of native species, for the bad distribution of the species in the different strata and for the great presence of exotic species. Just the species that presented larger frequency and that appear in the three floristic strata appraised possess potential of natural regeneration. The bank of soil seeds also showed there to be degradation of the ciliary forest, evidenced by the low number of native arboreal species and for the great number of exotic species and herbaceous invaders. Just the native arboreal species observed in the evaluation and that presented larger frequency possesses potential of regeneration natural through bank of soil seeds. There is correlation of the environmental and antropic factors with the erosion of the soil and with the erosive potential. Antropic interventions are necessary to recovery of the ciliary forest of the Lagoão do Ouro stream, in what concerns to the introduction of species that don't possess potential of natural regeneration and to soil bioengineering works in the margins with erosion more accentuated. The native species used in the recovery of the ciliary forest are appropriate for such an objective, presenting mortality percentage inside of acceptable limits and good initial growth. The soil bioengineering is a cheap and efficient technique in the control of the erosion of the margins of water courses. The experimental methodology of recovery, adopted, can be expanded in the Vacacaí-mirim watershed, mainly in the places where the stream margins are in advanced degradation level.