Efeito do extrato de Syzygium cumini e alterações provocadas pela síndrome metabólica sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e inflamatórios

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder represented by a set of cardiovascular risk factors, including endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. Syzygium cumini has hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties, besides antiviral and anticarcinogenic action. Considering the importance of MetS in the current economic and social context, morbidity and complications following this pathology, the aim of this study was to assess biochemical and inflammatory parameters in patients with MetS. Moreover, to check the effect of aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini (ASc), as well as its mechanism of action on the activity of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) and other biochemical parameters under hyperglycemic and oxidative conditions in vitro. To develop the first step of this work, were obtained samples of serum and whole blood of patients diagnosed with MetS (n=40) before initiating a physical activity program, in which we analyzed biochemical, oxidative and inflammatory parameters. The results showed an increase in ADA, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activities in lymphocytes of patients with MetS. Further, in these patients, we observed an increase in the activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and ˠ- glutamyltransferase (ˠ-GT) and in C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and nitric oxide (NOx) levels, as well as disturbances in antioxidant defenses and some correlations between the parameters analyzed were obtained. Thus, these results demonstrated that MetS affects the purinergic and cholinergic systems reflecting the inflammatory and immune status of these patients, besides altering the antioxidant defenses of the same. For in vitro determinations, first, erythrocytes (RBCs) from healthy individuals were used. ASc was able to prevent the increase in ADA activity caused by exposure of RBCs to hyperglycemic conditions for 2 hours. Also, ASc acted on the activity of ADA similarly caffeine and insulin, on the other hand, dipyridamole attenuated the effect of ASc by antagonizing its the effect or by competition with the extract. Thus, it can be suggested that the ASc act by influencing the metabolism of adenosine, and its effect is related to the presence of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant properties attributed to this plant. In the next step of this work , we observed an increase in the ADA activity and lipid peroxidation and decreased cell viability after exposure of lymphocytes from healthy subjects to 2,2 ' -azobis -2- amidinopropane dihydrochloride ( AAPH ) by 2 hours in vitro. ASc and gallic acid were able to reduce the ADA activity, but did not alter the lipid peroxidation caused by AAPH . The ASc increased cell viability and reduced the activity of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ). ASc, by reducing the activity of ADA, may be increasing adenosine levels and helping to maintain the beneficial effects caused by the same, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic actions. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the cytoprotective effect evidenced by the extract. We conclude that the changes found in patients with MetS are related to inflammatory and oxidative processes and may favor the prevention and control of this clinical situation Also, the protective effects demonstrated by ASc contribute to the understanding of the wide use of this plant and its therapeutic value in the treatment of various clinical conditions.