Aurora mexicana processos de resistência-revolta-revolução em lutas populares da América Latina: o exemplo do discurso zapatista

Abstract

The scope of this thesis is to contribute to the theoretical discussion about the emergence and the modes of operation of discourses overlapped by dominant or antagonist ideologies in Latin America. From the perspective of Discourse Analysis, initiated by the circle of intellectuals around Michel Pecheux in France in the decades of 1960-1970, a punctual analysis of the discourse of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) was undertaken. The EZLN is an armed movement which started in southern Mexico in 1994. However, it has been their announcements, letters, statements, the images of rebels wearing masks disseminated by the media which made it possible a national and international civil support and prevented the defeat of the Zapatistas by the counterinsurgency forces. The process of resistance-rebellion in the past sixteen years in the state of Chiapas allows the study of the modes of operation of antagonist discourses, dissymmetric in relation to the dominant ideology, in this early twenty-first century. The description and interpretation are focused on four issues that characterize the heterodoxy of the EZLN facing other counterhegemonic discourse in the last century: the Zapatista subject position in open rejection of individualization by the state; the images of the Zapatista in the media while anonymous celebrities; the laugher of the Zapatista as their eruption of humor in politics; the silence of the Zapatista as an act of refusing to have to say, with the effect of meanings and political effects that they cause. Based on these analyses, it was possible to reassess the concept of spectrum of the articulate unrealized to the process of historical reproduction/ transformation.