A relação ontológica entre vida e existência na abordagem hermenêutico-fenomenológica de Martin Heidegger

Abstract

This dissertation aims to reconstruct the general relationship between the senses of being and life's existence on the Martin Heidegger's ontology. After reconstruction and comparison between the two notions, it will be possible see what Heidegger called ontological abyss between life and existence. The notion of existence will be reconstructed from the fundamental ontology and existential analytics developed by Heidegger in Being and Time. With the notion of existence, Heidegger thinks the human being in his relationship with being unavoidable. In this way, the human being conceived as being-there is essentially determined by understanding of being. Although, Heidegger shows that human existence is essentially determined by temporality. Thus, temporality is presented by Heidegger as the sense of being of being-there. Furthermore, the being-there has to be the fundamental constitution-the-world, so it is not possible to think that being without the relationship with the world. From the reconstruction of existential analysis it is possible to show that Heidegger conceives as hermeneutics of nature. It is within the hermeneutic arises the problem of life. Life is understood as the sense of being of living organisms, but this theme is not developed in Sein Und Zeit. Life is characterized by a withdrawal at the opening of the world being there. Thus, Heidegger elaborates the hermeneutical conditions so that we can properly grasp through what he calls private interpretation of life. The systematic development of the meaning of life is to be presented by Heidegger lecture in 1929/30, entitled The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics: World, Finitude, Solitude. In this lecture, Heidegger thematizes the phenomenon of life from the thesis guideline "the animal is poor in world." Besides, Heidegger says that every creature is organism. In this sense, to present the phenomenon of life, Heidegger investigates the organism concept in conjunction with biological and zoological research. These investigations show the organism as a structure endowed with pulsional capacity and creative agencies. Also, taking the animality like an example, Heidegger shows the animal's essence as captivation, so the animal's behavior is always disrupted and absorbed on a circle of disinhibition. So the animal as compared to man, is seen as private world. In the same reading, Heidegger presents human existence not as being in the world but in terms of forming world. In this way, we will see how the change occurs in relation to Being and Time and the existence of life is separated by a gap, so just watershed between these two ways of being is possible only in comparative.